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中国物理学会期刊

高压下4CzPN热激活延迟荧光晶体的荧光寿命缩短

Fluorescence Lifetime Shortening in 4CzPN TADF Crystal under High Pressure

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  • 热激活延迟荧光材料在固态有机发光二极管中面临严重的效率滚降问题,这一现象主要源于荧光寿命的延长。本文通过原位高压光致发光光谱、时间分辨光致发光光谱、红外光谱技术和激发态动力学计算,系统研究了典型热激活延迟荧光材料3,4,5,6-四(咔唑-9-基)-1,2-二氰基苯的光物理性质在压力调制下的变化规律。结果显示延迟荧光寿命从常压下的2.62 µs逐渐缩短,在压力超过2.5 GPa时完全被抑制。在压缩过程中,伴随延迟荧光寿命的急剧缩短,短寿命荧光的寿命同样呈下降趋势。延迟荧光寿命的缩短是由于压力调制激发态能级从而使系间窜越速率减小、反向系间窜越速率提升所致。本研究证实,高压工程可通过调控热激活延迟荧光材料荧光寿命,为优化有机发光二极管性能提供新型策略。

    Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials enable nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by harvesting both singlet and triplet excitons via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). However, their practical application is severely hindered by the efficiency roll-off caused by prolonged delayed fluorescence lifetime, which enhances non-radiative decay and exciton quenching. Traditional modulation methods including molecular design and host-guest engineering suffer from complex synthesis and limited lifetime tuning effects. High-pressure engineering, as a powerful tool to regulate molecular packing and electronic structures, provides a feasible strategy to solve this problem. Herein, we systematically studied the pressure-dependent photophysical properties of 3,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,2-dicyanobenzene (4CzPN), a typical donor-acceptor TADF crystal, using in-situ high-pressure photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. Under compression, the PL intensity continuously decreases due to strengthened non-radiative transitions, while the emission peak shows a remarkable red-shift of approximately 130 nm up to 10.56 GPa, originating from pressure-induced molecular conformational planarization and enhanced intramolecular charge transfer. The luminescence color changes from bright yellow to red and recovers completely after pressure release, demonstrating reversible piezochromism. Time-resolved spectra reveal that the delayed fluorescence lifetime shortens from 2.62 µs at ambient pressure to full quenching above 2.5 GPa, accompanied by a synchronous decrease in prompt fluorescence lifetime. Excited-state dynamic calculations illustrate that high pressure elevates spin orbit coupling (SOC) and enlarges the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST). The increased SOC dominates the accelerated RISC rate, whereas the reduced T1 state density induced by molecular planarization significantly suppresses the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate. The synergy of enhanced RISC and weakened ISC directly accounts for the shortened delayed fluorescence lifetime. High-pressure IR spectra show that all characteristic absorption peaks blue-shift with increasing pressure, indicating compressed bond lengths and strengthened intermolecular interactions, which promote non-radiative relaxation and reduce PL intensity. The reversible IR spectral changes confirm the structural stability of 4CzPN crystals during pressure cycles. This work proves that high-pressure engineering can effectively modulate the fluorescence lifetime and luminescence behavior of TADF materials by tuning excited-state dynamics and molecular structures. The suppression of delayed fluorescence lifetime alleviates the efficiency roll-off of OLEDs, offering a novel approach for optimizing organic optoelectronic devices and developing pressure-responsive luminescent materials.

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